The Responsibility Project Essay Example for Free

The Responsibility Project Essay In survey a short film Table Guardians in The Responsibility Project site, hierarchical issues were shown. The short film showcased a network bistro that various gatherings of people came and gone. An early matured male occupied with discussion with a mid-matured female mentioning that she supervise his things and table while he immediately went to the duplicate shop a street or two away and guaranteed her that he will return rapidly very quickly, 10 minutes; 12 minutes max. The ladies, albeit somewhat reluctant, consented to look out for his table and possessions that incorporated a PC and composing supplies. As time passed, a few people endeavored to utilize the packed coffeehouse table; nonetheless, the ladies directing the table educated those people that table was taken and the youngster will before long return. After the ladies hung tight for longer than an hour guarding the table, she was inquired as to whether she was leaving her table by another ladies and she disclosed to her that she would have been gone, however she is directing the table over the route for a men of honor. The ladies offered the trading of managing the table for her table and she happily acknowledged. After the trading of four different regulators of this table, the courteous fellow at long last returns. The fourth individual directing table doesn’t permit the honorable men to handily recoup his table and individual things. She illuminates him that the table is taken and has a place with a refined man that will be returning. He attempts to clarify that he is that courteous fellow and that he is back. She at that point demands confirmation of character for the honorable man to recuperate his products. All through the movies sum, it shows the networks moral and good thinking of regarding others as you wish to be treated by not leaving the gentleman’s individual assets unattended as given word by a total outsider at first. The respectability was kept all through the trading of administrators. The bistro worker kept his inclinations as a partner by settling on the correct cho ice to secure the employers’ desires by expressing that he can't assume liability of watching the table. By doing so the representative eased any prospects of obligation to the business. It was likewise noted in the short film that the purchasers in the café demonstrated moral thinking by regarding the current issue thatâ the table was taken and not causing strife in the bistro despite the fact that the tables were filled and that table was sitting void unattended. The finish of the short film demonstrated a similar circumstance seeming to rehash itself; nonetheless, it is obscure whether it will end the equivalent on the off chance that it were in an alternate network. Additionally the result will rely upon the moral and good interests for people included. It could result in taken or harmed products. Outside social weights have an impact on authoritative issues. For example, if this network examined beforehand in the bustling coffeehouse had diverse moral and good interests in the network, the man of his word leaving his own assets might not have been agreeable in leaving his effects with an outsider nor would he have inquired. It was the gentleman’s conviction that his assets will be in safe keeping. The honorable man was evidently OK with outside components of his community’s condition and the individuals; consequently, OK with the person in the bistro to manage his possessions. The bistro doesn't work alone, it is the outside of the business that impacts how business is completed inside. The watchmen of the gentleman’s things were well mannered and good by regulating his possessions. It was ethically and morally wrong for the men of honor to have left his having a place with a person for longer than he had given his assertion for. The bistro worker reacted morally to the ladies who needed him to direct the table while working by expressing he was unable to assume liability while working. Outside social weights can make a drawback to associations if social pundits are not considered in associations in light of the fact that consumer’s today is more â€Å"socially† mindful. By associations thinking about social weights, this may help with equipping their association or business on the correct bearing for progress. Concerning individual dynamic, outer social weights may change choices by essentially the weights of another point of view toward the circumstance. An association can basically apply strain to have somebody select their association by offering free mentoring to an enlisted understudy or a business offering free rec center enrollment for a year with acquisition of protection plan. Social weight comes in various structures. The short film Table Guardians didn't obviously show any legitimate issues per state; anyway could have come about a lawful issue if the worker chose to watch the gentleman’s effects while working. Rather, the worker expressed that he was couldn't direct the table since obligation reasons. Should the representative choose to watch table and the gentleman’s assets came up taken or harmed, it would have been a risk to bistro proprietor. The worker settled on the moral choice. By and large, the short film tended to duty morally, ethically, and lawfully. Morally is securing ideas of right or wrong. Ethical quality is a greater amount of the individual attributes of interests and dynamic. Morals and mortality are emotional in light of the fact that no two people think the same. The lawful framework holds general humanities morals; else, we will endure the results. References The Responsibility Project. (2008). Recovered from http://duty project.libertymutual.com/films/table-guardians#fbid=S14kx8DovBx

Technology impact on children in USA Research Paper

Innovation sway on youngsters in USA - Research Paper Example As opposed to investing heaps of energy in PC and TV, it is additionally crucial for youngsters to invest their time in different exercises. It can likewise make negative effect on youngsters. Youngsters investing enormous aggregate of energy in TV and Computer are inclined to get fat. In spite of having some negative effect, PC games can assist kids with learning new things. Youngsters think that its simpler to gain from innovation. PC games additionally have some negative effect on youngsters. Some brutal games can influence the attitude of kids and would here and there lead to increment in forceful conduct and increment in forceful sentiments. Genuine savagery appeared in numerous brutal games can change the conduct of kids in to forceful. Some review uncovered that boost utilization of long range interpersonal communication locales and bury net can prompt aloneness and wretchedness. Kids are too little to even think about visualizing the distinction between genuine world and virtual world. Vicious forceful reaction appeared in game games can make trouble on brain of kids to check contrast of reproduction and genuine world. Innovation holds a crucial job for the advancement of youngsters to adolescent. Innovation can have positive and negative effect on development of kids to adolescent. In has been overviewed in the year 1999, level of youngsters having gaming console in 67%. 60% of the youngsters have home P Cs. Also, over 37% of kids are somehow associated with web. Late overview uncovers the fame and compulsion of PC and web among kids. Youngsters matured somewhere in the range of 8 and 18 are asked that, in the event that they are taken in to abandon isle, at that point what things they would convey with them. A large portion of the youngsters answered access to web and PC. The habit and prevalence of innovation had made youngsters lazier. The expansion in presentation to electronic gadgets would make negative effect on the improvement of youngsters at more youthful age. Innovation isn't the arrangement that would

Are Personality Traits Caused by Genes or Environment

Are Personality Traits Caused by Genes or Environment Psychologists often talk about personality traits, but what exactly is a trait? How do mental health professionals define this term? It is our personalities that help make us unique individuals, but not everyone agrees on exactly how many different traits exist. Some break personality down into very narrow and specific traits, while others prefer to look at traits much more broadly. Lets take a closer look at how traits are defined, the different types of personality traits that exist, and the various influences that contribute to the development of personality traits. How Are Personality Traits Defined? Traits are typically defined as the different characteristics that make up an individuals personality. In the Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, authors Roberts, Wood, and Caspi define personality traits as the relatively enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguish individuals from one another. Trait theory  suggests that our personalities are made up of a number of different broad traits. Extroversion, for example, is a personality dimension that describes how people interact with the world. Some people are very extroverted and outgoing, for example, while others are more introverted and reserved. Until fairly recently, it was believed that personality traits changed very little over the course of a lifetime. Some newer longitudinal studies have revealed that traits are a bit more nuanced than previously believed and that some changes can and do occur over time. How Do Personality Trait Changes Take Place? When it comes to some of the broad, dominant traits, change tends to be difficult. When it does occur, these changes tend to be very subtle. A very extroverted person, for example, might become somewhat more reserved over time. This does not mean that they will transform into an introvert. It simply means that a subtle shift has occurred and the persons extroversion has been slightly modified. The individual is still outgoing and gregarious, but they might find that they also enjoy solitude or more quiet settings on occasion. An introvert, on the other hand, may find themselves becoming somewhat more extroverted as they grow older. This does not mean that the individual suddenly develops a desire to be the center of attention or to spend every Friday night at a large party. However, this person may find that they begin to enjoy social events a bit more and feel less exhausted and drained after they spend time socializing. In both of these examples, the individuals core personality trait has not changed altogether. Instead, changes over time, often the result of experiences, have led to subtle shifts in these central traits. The Principles of Personality Traits In their handbook of personality, Roberts and his colleagues describe a few basic principles that have been derived from personality research: The maturity principle: People tend to become more agreeable, emotionally stable, and socially dominant as they grow older.Identity development principle: People develop a stronger identity as they age and maturity brings a greater commitment to and maintenance of this sense of self. During the younger years of life, people are still exploring different roles and identities. As people age, they begin to feel stronger loyalty to the identity they have forged over the course of their life.Plasticity principle: While personality traits tend to be stable, they are not set in stone. They are subject to environmental influences at any stage of life.Role continuity principle: It is the consistency of roles that leads to continuity in personality traits rather than consistency in environments. Types What would you say if someone asked you to list the personality traits that best describe you? You might rattle off a variety of traits such as kind, aggressive, polite, shy, outgoing, or ambitious. If you were to make a list of every personality trait, it would probably include hundreds or even thousands of different terms used to describe different aspects of personality. Psychologist Gordon Allport once created a list of personality traits that included more than 4,000 terms. The question of just how many personality traits there is has been the subject of debate throughout much of psychologys history, but many psychologists today rely on what is known as the big five model of personality. According to the big five model, personality is composed of five broad dimensions. Individual personalities may be either high, low, or somewhere in between on each of the five core traits. The five traits that make up personality are: ExtroversionConscientiousnessAgreeablenessOpennessNeuroticism Most of the characteristics you might use to describe your own personality fall under one of these broad headings. Personality traits such as shy, outgoing, friendly, and sociable are aspects of extroversion while traits such as kind, thoughtful, organized and ambitious would be part of the conscientiousness spectrum. Each of these five traits represents a continuum. Some people are low in certain traits and high in others. In fact, many people are somewhere in the middle of many or most of these characteristics. Genes or Environment Causes What matters more when it comes to personality, nature or nurture? Just how much does your DNA influence your personality? Researchers have spent decades studying family, twins, adopted children and foster families to better understand how much of personality is genetic and how much is environmental. Both nature and nurture can play a role in personality, although a number of large-scale twin studies suggest that there is a strong genetic component. One well-known study in this area known as the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart studies 350 pairs of twins between 1979 and 1999. The participants included sets of both identical and fraternal twins who were either raised together or apart. The results revealed that the personalities of identical twins were very similar whether they were raised in the same household or raised apart, suggesting that at least some aspects of personality are largely influenced by genetics. This certainly does not mean that the environment does not play a role in shaping personality. Twin studies suggest that identical twins share approximately 50 percent of the same traits, while fraternal twins share only about 20 percent. Personality traits are complex and research suggests that our traits are shaped by both inheritance and environmental factors. These two forces interact in a wide variety of ways to form our individual personalities.

Are Personality Traits Caused by Genes or Environment

Are Personality Traits Caused by Genes or Environment Psychologists often talk about personality traits, but what exactly is a trait? How do mental health professionals define this term? It is our personalities that help make us unique individuals, but not everyone agrees on exactly how many different traits exist. Some break personality down into very narrow and specific traits, while others prefer to look at traits much more broadly. Lets take a closer look at how traits are defined, the different types of personality traits that exist, and the various influences that contribute to the development of personality traits. How Are Personality Traits Defined? Traits are typically defined as the different characteristics that make up an individuals personality. In the Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, authors Roberts, Wood, and Caspi define personality traits as the relatively enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguish individuals from one another. Trait theory  suggests that our personalities are made up of a number of different broad traits. Extroversion, for example, is a personality dimension that describes how people interact with the world. Some people are very extroverted and outgoing, for example, while others are more introverted and reserved. Until fairly recently, it was believed that personality traits changed very little over the course of a lifetime. Some newer longitudinal studies have revealed that traits are a bit more nuanced than previously believed and that some changes can and do occur over time. How Do Personality Trait Changes Take Place? When it comes to some of the broad, dominant traits, change tends to be difficult. When it does occur, these changes tend to be very subtle. A very extroverted person, for example, might become somewhat more reserved over time. This does not mean that they will transform into an introvert. It simply means that a subtle shift has occurred and the persons extroversion has been slightly modified. The individual is still outgoing and gregarious, but they might find that they also enjoy solitude or more quiet settings on occasion. An introvert, on the other hand, may find themselves becoming somewhat more extroverted as they grow older. This does not mean that the individual suddenly develops a desire to be the center of attention or to spend every Friday night at a large party. However, this person may find that they begin to enjoy social events a bit more and feel less exhausted and drained after they spend time socializing. In both of these examples, the individuals core personality trait has not changed altogether. Instead, changes over time, often the result of experiences, have led to subtle shifts in these central traits. The Principles of Personality Traits In their handbook of personality, Roberts and his colleagues describe a few basic principles that have been derived from personality research: The maturity principle: People tend to become more agreeable, emotionally stable, and socially dominant as they grow older.Identity development principle: People develop a stronger identity as they age and maturity brings a greater commitment to and maintenance of this sense of self. During the younger years of life, people are still exploring different roles and identities. As people age, they begin to feel stronger loyalty to the identity they have forged over the course of their life.Plasticity principle: While personality traits tend to be stable, they are not set in stone. They are subject to environmental influences at any stage of life.Role continuity principle: It is the consistency of roles that leads to continuity in personality traits rather than consistency in environments. Types What would you say if someone asked you to list the personality traits that best describe you? You might rattle off a variety of traits such as kind, aggressive, polite, shy, outgoing, or ambitious. If you were to make a list of every personality trait, it would probably include hundreds or even thousands of different terms used to describe different aspects of personality. Psychologist Gordon Allport once created a list of personality traits that included more than 4,000 terms. The question of just how many personality traits there is has been the subject of debate throughout much of psychologys history, but many psychologists today rely on what is known as the big five model of personality. According to the big five model, personality is composed of five broad dimensions. Individual personalities may be either high, low, or somewhere in between on each of the five core traits. The five traits that make up personality are: ExtroversionConscientiousnessAgreeablenessOpennessNeuroticism Most of the characteristics you might use to describe your own personality fall under one of these broad headings. Personality traits such as shy, outgoing, friendly, and sociable are aspects of extroversion while traits such as kind, thoughtful, organized and ambitious would be part of the conscientiousness spectrum. Each of these five traits represents a continuum. Some people are low in certain traits and high in others. In fact, many people are somewhere in the middle of many or most of these characteristics. Genes or Environment Causes What matters more when it comes to personality, nature or nurture? Just how much does your DNA influence your personality? Researchers have spent decades studying family, twins, adopted children and foster families to better understand how much of personality is genetic and how much is environmental. Both nature and nurture can play a role in personality, although a number of large-scale twin studies suggest that there is a strong genetic component. One well-known study in this area known as the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart studies 350 pairs of twins between 1979 and 1999. The participants included sets of both identical and fraternal twins who were either raised together or apart. The results revealed that the personalities of identical twins were very similar whether they were raised in the same household or raised apart, suggesting that at least some aspects of personality are largely influenced by genetics. This certainly does not mean that the environment does not play a role in shaping personality. Twin studies suggest that identical twins share approximately 50 percent of the same traits, while fraternal twins share only about 20 percent. Personality traits are complex and research suggests that our traits are shaped by both inheritance and environmental factors. These two forces interact in a wide variety of ways to form our individual personalities.

American History Ideas to Start With

American History: Ideas to Start With The history of the United States of America, though considerably shorter than that of any other nation that exists now, still presents a wide range of topics, themes, subjects and points of view to look upon, so there is no shortage for the ideas for anybody who is willing to write a research paper that will be both interesting to create and exciting to read or listen to. Though unmistakably European at its root, the USA came through an utterly different way of development, than any other European country. Instead of hundreds of years of petty internecine wars and major external conflicts, rivalry between the aristocracy for the favors of monarchs, the USA have been formed at a precise moment and have never changed considerably since then. Instead of being formed with a specific nation being the leading one, the USA have always welcomed the immigrants from other parts of the world in its melting pot, taking whatever came from outside and producing Americans as a result. From the very start the American way of life was different from anything that existed prior to it, for it is the only country in the world that has managed to develop from a frontier society and retained its many features for generations after the situation changed. The American attitude towards wealth, which is considered as something to be earned, rather than inherited, is completely different from the beliefs that existed in other parts of the world. According to Ayn Rand, the Americans are the only nation in the world that coined the expression â€Å"to make money†. As you may see, there are a lot of points that can be driven, using the historical development of the USA. Each of them is very suitable for the further elaboration.

Rhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech - 1162 Words

Inspirational speaker in the minds and hearts of many Americans, Martin Luther King Jr., in his speech, â€Å"I Have a Dream†, illustrates the importance and necessity of equality and freedom for all human beings of all races and ethnicities. King’s purpose is to invoke within the minds of African Americans the will to rise against and fight for the right of all individuals. He conveys an impassioned and inspirational tone to paint a picture of freedom and equality in the minds of his listeners that enjoins the people of America regardless of their race and highlights the importance of standing together as one. King introduces his speech by reflecting on a document that promised the freedom on African American in America, the Emancipation†¦show more content†¦By appealing to his listeners’ morals it further urges and enacts his audience feel empowered by his words to change the circumstance in which they reside in; a community that does not enforce the q ualifications of equality. King’s impactful diction also contributes to this revolt within his listeners’ mind by emphasizing how they nation has led â€Å"shameful condition[s]† with the treatment of their own citizens. King further expresses his concern with the nation as he introduces the basis of this nation’s foundations, the Declaration of Independence. He uses a metaphor to claim that he and his followers have come to â€Å"cash a check† that has been given to them by this nation (King). This â€Å"check† that King is referring to is the promise that all men would be guaranteed undeniable rights in this country and furthermore that this promise would extend to all men of all races – including the African America man as well. By describing this promise as a check given to the people of this nation King makes it concrete and expressing it a something that cannot be denied, much like a physical object cannot be denied of its exist ence. However, King addresses that this check or promise has fallen short of being fulfilled and metaphorically states that is has come back as marked â€Å"insufficient funds† (King). These â€Å"funds† that are mentioned are the amount of liberty, opportunity, and equality that the United States has to offer for itsShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech924 Words   |  4 Pagesis his â€Å"I have a dream† speech. The reason â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech made massive impacts, is due to It struck directly into the hearts of Americans both black and white making America realize just what is really going on in this world. King informed people about racial equality and fairness. This speech hit home so well just by the way he structured his speech. You can notice that MLK structures his speech to appeal to the different types of audience, supporting it with the three rhetorical modes;Read MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speec h752 Words   |  4 Pages28, 1963 At the Lincoln Commemoration 200,000 individuals accumulated after the Walk on Washington. This is the place Dr. Martin Luther conveyed his discourse I Have a Dream to America. He talked about the treacheries of isolation and separation of African Americans that was occurring in our country. In his first explanation he stated, I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation. In this announcement heRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech1198 Words   |  5 PagesThe, â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech given by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is arguably the most emotionally moving and persuasive speech of all time. But, to understand the speech one must first understand the context. At this time, the slave era was far gone but, not forgotten. Negro men and women were still experiencing segregation in the 1960’s. There was negro bathrooms, negr o schools, negro water fountains, and even negro restaurants. Martin Luther King Jr. was an influential black man who took on theRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech1058 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King Jr’s â€Å"I have a Dream† demonstrates the combination of the rhetorical appeals to support his argument for equality and social justice because he draws attention to the past history of America’s Injustice and oppression towards black Americans. One of the explanations that the I Have a Dream address by Martin Luther King Jr. is memorable is that it contains a superb balance of Aristotles 3 rhetorical appeals: attribute, pathos, and logos. Ethos is associate charm to authorityRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech1061 Words   |  5 Pagesleader in the Civil Rights Movement. He is widely known for his speech that took place on 28 August 1963, â€Å"I Have a Dream.† This speech aimed toward the entire nation. King’s main purpose in this speech was to convince his audience to demand racial justice and for them all to stand up together for their rights. In this speech, King uses emotional and logical appeal to gain the audiences support. He applied many rhetorical devices to his speech to connect with the audience’s emotions, and to logicallyRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech900 Words   |  4 PagesThe speaker of this essay that I will be writing about is Martin Luther King Jr. He was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia at his family house. He was an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the Civil Ri ghts Movement. Martin Luther King Jr. was a great American, worked for civil rights in the United States in the 1950s and 60s. He became so popular and well liked that he was hated just as intensely by those who disagreed with theRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech865 Words   |  4 Pagesin history. Throughout his speech, King employs many rhetorical devices that further his appeal for civil rights. King establishes his credibility as soon as he steps to the podium. King, an American civil rights activist and leader, was already known by the American people for his leadership throughout the civil rights movement. His leadership role as a civil rights activist asserts his message as credible and true to the American people. King’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech addresses the grueling topicRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech768 Words   |  4 PagesBrandon Lim CU English 9/29/17 P:2 Using a variety of rhetorical devices, Martin Luther King Jr’s purpose of his â€Å"I Have A Dream Speech† takes a huge step for black americans by voicing the opinions of the people in a civil, non violent manner. He’s a role model for future activists to present the point clearly without hostility or anger, but with a firm tone and many of rhetorical devices. Dr. King gives the speech to help his cause of nonviolent activism against segregation and in favor of civilRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech901 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the most acknowledged Civil Rights activists in this history of the United States, Martin Luther King, in his empowering speech, â€Å"I Have a Dream,† proposed his desire for racial equality across the globe in a strong-minded manner. King’s purpose for both writing and orally publishing this speech at the March on Washington affair was to motivate his audience into demanding racial justice and an amalgamated society for all people. He acquired a shameful but dedicated tone as he described theRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech1018 Words   |  5 PagesI Have a Dream by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Cruelty, inequality, death, sorrow, misery. All words to be associated with the hardships Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. passionately describes in his I Have A Dream speech. King, an activist and civil rights leader gave an empowering speech on August 28, 1963 in Washington D.C. Millions of hearts were touched and inspired to fight for their rights(â€Å"American Rhetoric: Martin Luther King Jr.†). This speech is aimed towards every race in a different specific

History Of The Jewish Samaritan Rivalry - 1975 Words

The History of the Jewish-Samaritan Rivalry. What is a rivalry? How much hatred can evolve from cultural and religious differences? If left unchecked what sort of conflict can ensue? These thoughts had to weigh on Jesus mind as He spoke to the Samaritan woman at Jacob’s Well. As the Second Person of the Trinity, He knew history and lack of love between the Jew and Samaritan. However, it was His mission as savior to all mankind to bridge the vast expanse between these two peoples. The purpose of this paper will be to discover the history behind the Jewish-Samaritan hate and the events leading up to Christ acceptance of the people of Samaria. When a person in 2016 America thinks of the word â€Å"rivalry† the thought that comes to mind is most†¦show more content†¦Israel was one collective nation made up of twelve tribes; one tribe for each son of Jacob (and one of Joseph). These twelve tribes were all resident turned slave to Egypt. The Jewish nation prayed to the Lord their God and He released them from their bondage. They then conquered the Promised Land which God had promised their ancestors. Over the course of several hundred years the Jewish nation was a theocracy led by God and enforced by many Judges. One day the people cried out for a king, just like all the other surrounding nations. Under Saul, David, and Solomon Israel reached its pinnacle of success. It is here that the story takes an unfortunate downward spiral. Solomon was the wisest man to ever live; yet in his old age, he lost touch with God and his people. He married many foreign women and accepted their gods as his own. In addition, he enforced heavy taxes on his kingdom causing intense anger. It is here that God spoke through the Prophet Ahijah to Jeroboam and promised him the Ten Northern Tribes, if he was faithful to God. (I Kings 11:26-40) Jeroboam was an Ephraimite from Zeredah. He was a skilled young man who was put in charge of Solomon’s forced labor camps. He tried to revolt against Solomon but he failed. After his failed revolt, he stayed in Egypt until Solomon’s death. After Solomon’s death, he returned home and tried to peacefully reason with Rehoboam, the heir to Solomon’s throne.

Apple Code of Conduct free essay sample

Apple Supplier Code of Conduct Apple is committed to ensuring that working conditions in Apple’s supply chain are safe, that workers are treated with respect and dignity, and that manufacturing processes are environmentally responsible. Apple’s suppliers (â€Å"Suppliers†) are obligated, in all of their activities, to operate in full compliance with the laws, rules, and regulations of the countries in which they operate. This Supplier Code of Conduct (â€Å"Code†) goes further, drawing upon internationally recognized standards, in order to advance social and environmental responsibility.Apple requires that Suppliers implement this Code using the management systems described below. The Apple Supplier Code of Conduct is modeled on and contains language from the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct. Recognized standards such as International Labour Organization Standards (ILO), Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), Social Accountability International ( SAI), and the Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI) were used as references in preparing this Code and may be useful sources of additional information. A complete list of references is provided at the end of this Code. As an extension of the Code, Apple maintains a series of detailed Standards that clarify our expectations for compliance. Labor and Human Rights Suppliers must uphold the human rights of workers, and treat them with dignity and respect as understood by the international community.Antidiscrimination Suppliers shall not discriminate against any worker based on race, color, age, gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, disability, religion, political affiliation, union membership, national origin, or marital status in hiring and employment practices such as applications for employment, promotions, rewards, access to training, job assignments, wages, benefits, discipline, and termination. Suppliers shall not require a pregnancy test or discriminate against pregnant workers except where required by applicable laws or regulations or prudent for workplace safety.In addition, Suppliers shall not require workers or potential wor kers to undergo medical tests that could be used in a discriminatory way except where required by applicable law or regulation or prudent for workplace safety. Fair Treatment Suppliers must be committed to a workplace free of harassment. Suppliers shall not threaten workers with or subject them to harsh or inhumane treatment, including sexual harassment, sexual abuse, corporal punishment, mental coercion, physical coercion, verbal abuse or unreasonable restrictions on entering or exiting company provided facilities.Prevention of Involuntary Labor Suppliers shall not use any form of forced, bonded, indentured, or prison labor. All work must be voluntary and workers shall be free to leave work or terminate their employment with reasonable notice. Workers must not be required to surrender any government-issued identification, passports, or work permits as a condition of employment. Suppliers shall ensure that third party labor agencies providing workers are compliant with the provisions of the Code and sending country and receiving country laws, whichever is more stringent in its protection of workers.Suppliers shall ensure that contracts for both direct and contract workers clearly convey the conditions of employment in a language understood by the worker. Suppliers shall be responsible for payment of all fees and expenses in excess of the amount equal to one month of the worker’s anticipated net wages. Such fees and expenses include, but are not limited to expenses associated with recruitment, processing or placement of both direct and contract Workers. Prevention of Under Age Labor Child labor is strictly prohibited.Suppliers shall not employ children. The minimum age for employment or work shall be 15 years of age, the minimum age for employment in that country, or the age for completing compulsory education in that country, whichever is higher. This Code does not prohibit participation in legitimate workplace apprenticeship programs that are consistent with Article 6 of ILO Minimum Age Convention No. 138 or light work consistent with Article 7 of ILO Minimum Age Convention No. 138. Juvenile Labor Suppliers may employ juveniles who are older than the applicable legal minimum age for employment but are younger than 18 years of age, provided they do not perform work likely to jeopardize their heath, safety, or morals, consistent with ILO Minimum Age Convention No. 138. Working Hours Except in Emergency or Unusual Situations, a workweek shall be restricted to 60 hours, including overtime, workers shall be allowed at least one day off every seven-days, and overtime shall be voluntary.Under no circumstances will workweeks exceed the maximum permitted under applicable laws and regulations. Suppliers must offer vacation time, leave periods, and holidays consistent with applicable laws and regulations. Wages and Benefits Suppliers must pay all workers at least the minimum wage required by applicable laws and regulations and provide all legally mandated benefits. In addition to their compensation for regular hours of work, workers must be compensated for overtime hours a t the premium rate required by applicable laws and regulations. Suppliers shall not use deductions from wages as a disciplinary measure. Workers must be paid in a timely manner, and the basis on which workers are being paid must be clearly conveyed to them in a timely manner. Freedom of Association Suppliers must respect the right of workers to associate freely, form and join workers organizations of their own choosing, seek representation, and bargain collectively, as permitted by and in accordance with applicable laws and regulations.Suppliers shall not discriminate with respect to employment based on union membership and, in particular, shall not make employment subject to the condition that the worker relinquish union membership or agree not to join a union or cause the dismissal of or otherwise prejudice a worker by reason of union membership or participation in union activities outside working hours (or within working hours if the Supplier has consented to such activities or if required by applicable law or regulation).Suppliers must protec t against acts of interference with the establishment, functioning, or administration of workers’ organizations in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. Health and Safety Apple recognizes that integrating sound health and safety management practices into all aspects of business is essential to maintain high morale and produce innovative products. Suppliers must be committed to creating safe working conditions and a healthy work environment for all of their workers. Occupational Injury Prevention Suppliers must eliminate physical hazards where possible.Where physical hazards cannot be eliminated, Suppliers must provide appropriate engineering controls such as physical guards, interlocks, and barriers. Where appropriate engineering controls are not possible, Suppliers must establish appropriate administrative controls such as safe work procedures. In all cases, Suppliers must provide workers appropriate personal protective equipment. Workers must have the right to refuse unsafe working conditions without fear of reprisal until management adequately addresses their concerns.Prevention of Chemical Exposure Suppliers must identify, evaluate, and control worker exposure to hazardous chemical, biological, and physical agents. Suppliers must eliminate chemical hazards where possible. Where chemical hazards cannot be eliminated, Suppliers must provide appropriate engineering controls such as closed systems and ventilation. Where appropriate engineering controls are not possible, Suppliers must establish appropriate administrative controls such as safe work procedures. In all cases, Suppliers must provide workers appropriate personal protective equipment.Emergency Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Suppliers must anticipate, identify, and assess emergency situations and events and minimize their impact by implementing emergency plans and response procedures, including emergency reporting, worker notification and evacuation procedures, worker training and drills, appropriate first-aid supplies, appropriate fire detection and suppression equipment, adequate exit facilities, and recovery plans. Occupational Safety Procedures and Systems Suppliers must establish procedures and systems to manage, track, and report occupational injury and illness.Such procedures and systems should encourage worker reporting, classify and record injury and illness cases, investigate cases and implement corrective actions to eliminate their causes, provide necessary medical treatment, and facilitate the workers’ return to work. Ergonomics Suppliers must identify, evaluate, and control worker exposure to physically demanding tasks, including manual material handling, heavy lifting, prolonged standing, and highly repetitive or forceful assembly tasks. Dormitory and Dining Suppliers must provide workers with clean toilet facilities, access to potable water, and sanitary food preparation and storage facilities. Worker dormitories provided by the Supplier or a labor agent must be clean and safe and provide adequate emergency egress, adequate heat and ventilation, reasonable personal space, and reasonable entry and exit privileges. Communication In order to foster a safe work environment, Suppliers shall ensure that workers receive appropriate workplace health and safety information and training, including written health and safety information and warnings in the primary language f its workers. Suppliers must post Material Safety Data Sheets in the primary language of its workers for any hazardous or toxic substances used in the workplace and properly train workers who will come into contact with such substances in the workplace. Worker Health and Safety Committees Suppliers are encouraged to initiate and support worker health and saf ety committees to enhance ongoing health and safety education and to encourage worker input regarding health and safety issues in the workplace.The Environment At Apple, environmental considerations are an integral part of our business practices. Suppliers must be committed to reducing the environmental impact of their designs, manufacturing processes, and waste emissions. Hazardous Substance Management and Restrictions Suppliers must comply with the most recent version of Apple’s Regulated Substances Specification, 069-0135 and with any applicable laws and regulations prohibiting or restricting specific substances.To ensure safe handling, movement, storage, recycling, reuse, and disposal, Suppliers must identify and manage substances that pose a hazard if released to the environment and comply with applicable labeling laws and regulations for recycling and disposal. Wastewater and Solid Waste Emissions Wastewater and solid waste generated from operations, industrial processes, and sanitation facilities must be monitored, controlled, and treated as required by applicable laws and regulations before discharge or disposal.Air Emissions Air emissions of volatile organic chemicals, aerosols, corrosives, particulates, ozone depleting chemicals, and combustion by-products generated from operations must be characterized, monitored, controlled, and tre ated as required by applicable laws and regulations before discharge. Environmental Permits and Reporting Suppliers must obtain, maintain, and keep current all required environmental permits (e. g. discharge monitoring) and registrations and follow the operational and reporting requirements of such permits. Pollution Prevention and Resource Reduction Suppliers must endeavor to reduce or eliminate waste of all types, including water and energy, by implementing appropriate conservation measures in their facilities, in their maintenance and production processes, and by recycling, re-using, or substituting materials. Ethics Suppliers must be committed to the highest standards of ethical conduct when dealing with workers, suppliers, and customers. Corruption, Extortion, or Embezzlement Corruption, extortion, and embezzlement, in any form, are strictly prohibited.Suppliers shall not engage in corruption, extortion or embezzlement in any form and violations of this prohibition may result in immediate termination as an Apple Supplier and in legal action. Disclosure of Information Suppliers must disclose information regarding its business activities, structure, financial situation, and performance in accordance with applicable laws and regulations and prevailing industry practices. No Improper A dvantage Suppliers shall not offer or accept bribes or other means of obtaining undue or improper advantage.Fair Business, Advertising, and Competition Suppliers must uphold fair business standards in advertising, sales, and competition. Whistleblower Protection and Anonymous Complaints Suppliers must create programs to ensure the protection of Supplier and worker whistleblower confidentiality and prohibit retaliation against workers who participate in such programs in good faith or refuse an order that is in violation of the Apple Supplier Code of Conduct.Suppliers shall provide an anonymous complaint mechanism for workers to report workplace grievances in accordance with local laws and regulations. Community Engagement Suppliers are encouraged to engage the community to help foster social and economic development and to contribute to the sustainability of the communities in which they operate. Protection of Intellectual Property Suppliers must respect intellectual property rights; safeguard customer information; and transfer of technology and know-how must be done in a manner that protects intellectual property rights. Management SystemsSuppliers must adopt or establish a management system designed to ensure compl iance with this Code and applicable laws and regulations, identify and mitigate related operational risks, and facilitate continuous improvement. ISO 14001, OHSAS 18001, Eco Management and Audit System (EMAS) may be useful resources. The management system should contain the following elements: Company Commitment A corporate social and environmental responsibility statement affirming the Supplier’s commitment to compliance and continual improvement, to be posted in the primary local language at all of the Supplier’s worksites. Management Accountability and Responsibility Clearly identified company representatives responsible for ensuring implementation and periodic review of the status of the Supplier’s management systems. Legal and Customer Requirements A process to identify, monitor, and understand applicable laws and regulations and the additional requirements imposed by this Code. Supplier shall obtain, maintain and keep current a valid business license as required by applicable laws and regulations.Risk Assessment and Management A process to identify environmental, health and safety, business ethics, labor, human rights and legal compliance risks associated with their operations, determine the relative significance of each risk, and implement appropriate procedures and physical controls to ensure compliance and control the identified risks. Risk assessments for health and safety must include warehouse and storage facilities, plant and facility support equipment, laboratories and test areas, bat hrooms, kitchens, cafeterias, and worker housing.Performance Objectives with Implementation Plans and Measures Written standards, performance objectives, targets, and implementation plans, including a periodic assessment of the Supplier’s performance against those objectives. Training Programs for training managers and workers to implement the Supplier’s policies, procedures, and improvement objectives. Communication A process for communicating clear and accurate information about the Supplier’s performance, practices, and expectations to its workers, Suppliers, and customers.Worker Feedback and Participation An ongoing process to obtain feedback on processes and practices related to this Code and to foster continuous improvement. Audits and Assessments Periodic self-evaluations to ensure that the Supplier, its subcontractors and its next-tier Suppliers are complying with this Code and with applicable laws and regulations. Apple may visit (and/or have external monitors visit) Supplier facilities, with or without notice, to assess compliance with this Code and to audit Supplier’s wage, hour, payroll, and other worker records and practices.

Vengeance In The Scarlet Letter And The free essay sample

Crucible Essay, Research Paper Vengeance is a corrupter of both individuals and societies. When a society is based on faith, it will happen retribution on its offenders or castawaies in a manner that is justified by its credo. Societies such as this will besides destruct or deeply hurt the people that their retribution is directed toward. Furthermore, when a individual lives in a society that is based on faith and wants to happen an mercantile establishment for feelings of hate or green-eyed monster, he will happen an mercantile establishment that can warrant his actions. A individual such as this can besides pervert his society and others around him. The Crucible and The Scarlet Letter are helpful novels in showing this because they are both set in communities of devout religion, and each shows corruptness through retribution. A more in-depth illustration of retribution impacting a society is provided in The Scarlet Letter. This retaliation consists in printing the evildoer # 8217 ; s shame by public confession and physical stigmatization. Hester is first forced to stand in forepart of the town to bear her shame. She is so made to wear the vermilion? A? for the remainder of her life. The people of this puritan colony take obvious pleasance in watching her humiliation, and the dish the dirting adult females that speak as Hester foremost leaves the gaol show this. ? It would be greatly for the public behoof, if we adult females, being of mature age and church-members in good reputation, should hold the handling of such malefactresses as this Hester Prynne? ? ( Hawthorne 48 ) . They find obvious justification of this righteous and vindictive sentiment in their faith. The chitchats non merely turn out this, but besides reflect how eager this society is to penalize people. Such retribution that is found in societies has a annihilating consequence on the persons to whom it is directed ; Hester shortly loses all of her feminine appeal and enthusiasm for life. In an observation of individuals in the same spiritual societies, one may happen that the same speculation can use. The call of witchery started in The Crucible by a group of immature misss that simply wished non to be punished. When hysteria spread like wildfire, it shortly became clear that people could shout witchcraft on others they were covetous of or who had wronged them in the yesteryear. They could acquire off with this signifier of retaliation, excessively, because they could warrant it both in their ain eyes and in society? s ; it would look that they were making the universe a favour by fring it of the Satan? s instrument, and they could take comfort in this by converting themselves that it was true. The acrimonious Ann Putnam, married woman of Thomas in The Crucible, is a dramatic illustration. She gave birth to eight kids and merely one survived, but Rebecca Nurse had legion and healthy kids as good as many grandchildren. Ann Putnam was covetous because of this and took much pleasance when Goody Nurse was condemned as a enchantress under the charge of slaying Ann? s seven babes with her spirit. Abigail of this novel besides used faith as a frailty for her retribution. She hoped to hold John Proctor? s married woman, who had cast Abigail out of her house, condemned of witchery so that she could go on her matter with him. Abigail justifies impeaching Elizabeth by feeding off of what Salem had depicted the kid as being ; a holy spirit sent to present them from immorality. John Proctor sees through this pretense, and notes: ? I? ll Tell you what? s walking Salem- retribution is walking Salem. We are what we ever were in Salem, but now? common retribution writes the jurisprudence! ? ( Miller 77 ) . Because of these vindictive persons, the full community of Salem was disturbed. To take characters of The Scarlet Letter into consideration, Roger Chillingworth, former hubby of Hester, serves as an first-class illustration of how retribution corrupts people. His manner of accomplishing the perfect retaliation is non immediate or physical injury to Reverend Dimmesdale but instead a slow and fallacious procedure. Chillingworth feels that the existent torment of wickedness is non in its committee or in alleviating it publically, but instead life in apprehension that it should be discovered. He spends seven old ages in secret goading the priest and interrupting him down. In the terminal, Chillingworth is perceived as a destroyed and evil adult male. He spent so much clip concentrating on the impairing of another that he was corrupted both morally and emotionally. Vengeance is proven to be an dismaying and catastrophic thing throughout these two novels, The Scarlet Letter and The Crucible. Its effects can be shown both on a whole society and on a individual individual. The retribution sought by piously spiritual individuals or societies tends to be disguised as righteous or even necessary, and amendss other citizens every bit good as the whole of the society. It would be sound advice to detect and analyze these effects and avoid going victims of retribution for enviousness and personal addition in one? s society today. 368

Pyrrhic Victory - Origin of the Term

Pyrrhic Victory - Origin of the Term A Pyrrhic victory is a type of win that actually inflicts so much destruction on the victorious side that it is basically tantamount to defeat. A side that wins a Pyrrhic victory is considered ultimately victorious, but the tolls suffered, and the future impact those tolls, work to negate the feeling of actual achievement. This is sometimes referred to as a ‘hollow victory’. Examples: For instance, in the world of sports, if team A defeats team B in a regular season game, but team A loses its best player to a season-ending injury during the game, that would be considered a Pyrrhic victory. Team A won the current contest, however losing their best player for the remainder of the season would take away from any actual feeling of accomplishment or achievement that the team would typically feel after a victory. Another example could be drawn from the battlefield. If side A defeats side B in a particular battle, but loses a high number of its forces in the battle, that would be considered a Pyrrhic victory. Yes, side A won the particular battle, but the casualties suffered will have severe negative effects from Side A going forward, detracting from the overall feeling of victory. This situation is commonly referred to as â€Å"winning the battle but losing the war.† Origin The phrase Pyrrhic victory originates from King Pyrrhus of Epirus, who in 281 B.C., suffered the original Pyrrhic victory. King Pyrrhus landed on the southern Italian shore with twenty elephants and 25,000-30,000 soldiers ready to defend their fellow Greek speakers (in Tarentum of Magna Graecia) against advancing Roman domination. Pyrrhus won the first two battles that he participated in upon arrival on the southern Italian shore (at Heraclea in 280 BC and at Asculum in 279 BC). However, throughout the course of those two battles, he lost a very high number of his soldiers. With his numbers cut drastically, King Pyrrhus’s army became too thin to last, and they eventually ended up losing the war. In both of his victories over the Romans, the Roman side suffered more casualties than Pyrrhus’ side did. But, the Romans also had a much larger army to work with, and thus their casualties meant less to them than Pyrrhus’s did to his side. The term Pyrrhic victory comes from these devastating battles. Greek historian Plutarch described King Pyrrhus’s victory over the Romans in his Life of Pyrrhus: â€Å"The armies separated; and, it is said, Pyrrhus replied to one that gave him joy of his victory that one other such victory would utterly undo him. For he had lost a great part of the forces he brought with him, and almost all his particular friends and principal commanders; there were no others there to make recruits, and he found the confederates in Italy backward. On the other hand, as from a fountain continually flowing out of the city, the Roman camp was quickly and plentifully filled up with fresh men, not at all abating in courage for the loss they sustained, but even from their very anger gaining new force and resolution to go on with the war.†

Size of financial sector Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Size of financial sector - Essay Example Moreover, profitability across all the financial sectors has improved except the insurance sector and it is anticipated to remain strong in the first quarter of the year 2015. Unfortunately, for the insurance and the building society the forecast suggests otherwise. The number of employment in the banking and insurance sector has decreased in comparison to other sectors while the training expenditure has risen. Department, I. M. F. M. C. M. (2014) suggests that this is a clear indication of the existence of shortage of skills and talents in the financial labor market. The financial sector has enormously grown over the last decades. Gloria (2015) illustrates that the parameters that measure these growths are: quantity of the financial market; the share of the GDP; wages; and employment. For instance, the economy of the UK has grown faster since the financial crisis of 2007/2008. It expanded by approximately by 1.9% in 2013. The growth is also attributed to the securitization in the financial market; intermediation of credit; and the subsectors of finance in the financial sector. On the other hand, the insurance sector has been steadily growing (at a steady pace). In addition, the growth is also evident in the increase in the financial claims and contracts such as bonds, stock, fund shares, and derivatives. Before the 200/2008 financial crisis, central banks use a simple modality that would effectively maintain and stabilize the inflation rate. However, in 2009 the interest rates were slashed to a level close to zero (zero lower bound). Jeucken’s (2001) notion indicates that below this benchmark would hav e been practical but wouldn’t have achieved the desired results. Central bank faced an uphill task of dealing with the increasing rate of unemployment as well as the collapse in the output. At some instances central banks have adopted the unconventional

Content Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Content Analysis - Essay Example This essay shall revolve around the thesis that news coverage in two websites would be different because of the specific social, cultural, and political undertones impacting on the website. Examples from evidence gathered shall help support this thesis. This essay shall gather its evidence for 10 days by browsing through news websites to peruse political and other news. Specific news items shall be chosen and then compared to other perspectives or news items from other websites. This process shall be carried out with different websites from western and Asian settings choosing within the time period for data gathering. A comparative analysis of the news articles shall follow this data gathering process. Main Body News terms and definitions There are different terms which need to be defined before this comparative analysis can proceed. Firstly, news agenda refers to the list of news items or topics which editors would choose to follow. The news values on the other hand refer to the imp ortance which is allocated on a certain news item. Sources are the individuals and other relevant items where the information would be gathered. Aljazeera and BBC These two news outlets are considered trusted international networks with the British Broadcasting Corporation being the most extensive news outlet in the world. It is considered a public corporation with measures undertaken in order to ensure its independence from the government (Briggs, 1985). It transmits to millions of homes worldwide, including hotels, resorts, and is now easily accessed via phones. Aljazeera on the other hand is a news outlet based on Qatar and was designed mostly to focus on Arab news and events (Seib, 2008). It is also the largest news outlet in the Middle East, mostly offering an Asian, mostly Middle East Asian perspective on the news. It also runs 24 hours a day with coverage in other countries expanding through the internet (Seib, 2008). This news outlet mostly highlights a less western influenc ed perspective on current events and affairs. Aljazeera and CNN In comparing the content of Aljazeera and CNN, the Aljazeera news provides a more international variety in its news while the CNN is more US and western focused (Flournoy and Stewart, 1997). Where other perspectives on the news are sought, the reader needs to go to the regional levels of their news outlet, including CNN News Asia where the Asian news can be seen. For Aljazeera, the focus is understandably the Middle East, however, they also include the international news in their front pages (Maalouf, 2008). News Agenda The news agenda is dominated by the Syria issue. In news outlets like CNN and Aljazeera, the threat of a nuclear arms threat from Syria has been discussed, and the position of the US on the issue has been dominant in the news agenda as several related articles have been seen in the past 10 days in these news outlets. The news agenda also includes various discussions and opinions on the Syria issue from t he perspective of the US and the rest of the world, including Britain, Russia, and Syria itself. The brewing nuclear threat has been emphasized in the articles, and seems to mimic the same pathway by which the Second Gulf War with Iraq eventually unfolded, with UN nuclear inspections being suggested by the international community and demands by the US President for the international community to take more decisive actions on the issue. UN inspections have been carried out on Syria, however, the international

Cosmopolitanism Ethics In A World Of Strangers Philosophy Essay

Cosmopolitanism Ethics In A World Of Strangers Philosophy Essay The book, Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers, is a clear and well-written book which is enjoyable to read. K. A. Appiah is himself a citizen of the world: a professor of philosophy at Princeton, with a Ghanian father and an English mother, he was raised in Ghana and educated in England, and also lived in Africa, Europe and North America. After reading this book, I have to say that Appiah skillfully blends his philosophical ideas with anecdotes about his own life and background. It brings us too many places and we come to know him a little and also his father, mother, and various other kinsfolk and tribe members. He introduces us to many traditions, practices and ideas of his African ancestry to clarify his ideas on human interactions, conversations, and globalisation. It reassesses the case for reviving an ancient stream of thought in a world full of strangers, and finds that Cosmopolitanism is a universal trait of humankind. The overall scheme of the book concerns the p rinciples of the existence of different people bound by a simple nexus of common values and humanity.   1.1 Introduction: Marking Conversation Appiah starts with the fact that our ancestors lived in small tribes where they interacted with a small set of people who they knew. Others were of rival tribes and to be viewed with suspicion. Information about other ways of life didnt really flow into the village. That was in the old days. Nowadays, our human world is getting smaller now, because people have more access to each other than ever before in history. We are getting to know and access each other through migration, international trade, tourism, and the worldwide web of information, which comes from radio, television, telephones, and especially the internet. This mass media and the amazing cyberspace give us plenty of opportunities not only that we can affect the lives of others everywhere but that we can to learn about life anywhere, too'(p xiii). The world is getting smaller and we are living in a new global tribe in the face of the world globalization. How are we to deal with these new circumstances? What ideas and institutions can help us to live together in this global village? Appiah addresses the notion of cosmopolitanism, that is the challenge to take minds and hearts formed over the long millennia of living in local troops and equip them with ideas and institutions that will allow us to live together as the global tribe we have become'(p xiii). The notion actually combines two inter-related strands: One is the idea that we have obligations to others, obligations that stretch beyond those to whom we are related by the ties of kith and kin, or even the more formal ties of shared citizenship'(p xv). The other is that we take seriously the value not just of human life but of particular human lives, which means taking an interest in the practices and beliefs that lend them significance (p xv). Appiah believes that it is an obligation to understand those with whom we share this planet. People are different, and there is much to learn from our differences. Because there are so many human possibilities worth exploring, we neither expect nor desire that every person or every society should converge on a single mode of life. Appiah also stresses that whatever our obligations are to others (or theirs to us) they often have the right to go their own way (p xv), it is respect for difference. According to Appiah, cosmopolitanism is more accommodating of diversity than the current liberal consensus but does not fall into moral relativism. Cosmopolitanism embodies two core values: universal concern for all humanity above family and nation and a respect for legitimate difference. Appiah recognizes that these two values clash, and as such cosmopolitanism is the name not of the solution but of the challenge (p. xv). Appiah takes a step further to summarise the challenges, which are: (1) to avoid falling into moral relativism while respecting difference; (2) to find a middle way between an unrooted abstract universalism and self-interested nationalism; (3) to recognise that cultural difference has been exaggerated by an order of magnitude (p. xix); and (4) to work for conversation, in the sense both of association and exchange of ideas, while realising that humanity will never arrive at an agreed hierarchy of universal values. Cosmopolitanism is a process involving the human co mmunity in habits of co-existence, of conversation in its older meaning, of living together, association (p. xix). The crux of getting along is to recognise that while one might live with integrity in accordance with ones own beliefs, one does not need to share the same rationale with someone else to develop this habit of conservation. In the interpretation of cosmopolitanism, Appiah is sympathetic to the view that local loyalties and allegiances are important because they determine who we are. So he encourages us to embrace both local and universal loyalties and allegiances and denies that they necessarily come into conflict with each other. He holds that we need to take sides neither with the nationalist who abandons all foreigners nor with the hard-core cosmopolitan who regards friends and fellow citizens with icy impartiality. The position worth defending might be called (in both senses) a partial cosmopolitanism. So he stakes out his middle ground of partial cosmopolitanism more by talking about what its not. On the positive side, we get a lot of generalities: its important to talk with people from other cultures, to maintain mutual respect, to learn about other ways of life. We need the curiosity inherent in a partial cosmopolitan outlook so that we can get used to one another and live peacefully together. We do not, he stresses, need to share underlying values or agree on everything. 1.2 The Shattered Mirror Appiah argues that looking at the world clearly shows that there are a variety of ways of life and thought. Human beings are different and that we can learn from each others differences (p4). When we are exposed to the range of human customs and beliefs, a cosmopolitan openness to the world is perfectly consistent with picking and choosing among the options you find in your search (p5). However, such exposure to different human customs and beliefs hardly leaves the traveler unattached from his own. Thus, not all disagreements can be resolved and it urges us to accept differences. (pp.4-7) Appiah holds that a complex truth is like images of the shattered mirroreach shard of which reflects one part of a complex truth from its own particular angle. He supposed the deepest mistake is to think that your little shard of mirror can reflect the whole. Actually, Appiah points out that there is no singular truth. In that case, theres no one shattered mirror; there are lots of mirrors, lots of moral truths, and we can at best agree to differ (p11), therefore, we need to embrace pluralism, and adopt a live-and let-live attitude. Appiah cites works by ethnographers, and draws a number of persuasive parallels to establish universality and shared values (good and bad). He stresses that people in far-flung places are the same in that [they] have gods, food, language, dance music, carvings, medicines, family lives, rituals, jokes and childrens tales.   They smiled, slept, had sex and children, wept, and in the end, died (p.14). Another commonality according to Appiah, is that a lot of what we take to be right or wrong is simply a matter of customs.   His argument about ideas and concepts which are common to most cultures in the world, draws further on acts like good parenting, as well as taboo, which exists in his native Ghana (akywandee), or in Igbo land (nso), but is Polynesian in origin. 1.3 The Escape from Positivism Appiah writes of relativism, positivism, and particular the fact and value distinction in this chapter. Appiah claims that the influence of positivism has led to value relativism by splitting values (or ends) from facts about the world (or means), in other words, what philosophers have called the naturalistic fallacy, or the inability to derive an ought from an is. Appiah avers that relativism and positivism often get in the way of the cosmopolitan project and undermine conversation across boundaries. Because every people finds its own ways (to be) good (p16), this conversation is important. It helps us to know others who are different and to learn from them. Simply put, if when we disagree we are both right, then there is nothing to talk about. if we cannot learn from one another what it is right to think and feel and do, then conversation between us will be pointless (p31). From a positivist slant, Appiah observes that what is custom is linked to values, which in the end, guide our acts, thoughts and our feelings (p 25). It is in this context that he underscores that being kind is an attribute of experience more than any other variable since people learn to be kind by being treated kindly and noticing it.   Appiah also emphasises the way our values are shaped by conversations with others, in which we try to shape each others views and feelings, but relativism of that sort isnt a way to encourage conversation, its just a reason to fall silent (p 31) because of the relativists toleration. 1.4 Facts on the Ground The chapter is an attack on the positivist notion of fact. Appiah argues that facts are not as solid as we may suppose. He tries to show that facts are on no more solid ground than values. He uses the example of trying to persuade a traditional Asante (his kinfolk) that witchcraft cannot harm people, to show that facts largely depend on what you already believe and what ideas you already have. 1.5 Moral Disagreement In this chapter, Appiah goes on to look at the various ways we can come in conflict over values, which are more likely to arise between people from different societies. They are: (1) no shared vocabulary of evaluation. Value terms are essentially contestable and they will always be argued about both across cultures and within them. (2) Even when we share the same moral vocabulary, conflict over values might come in varying interpretations of the same vocabulary and (3) giving the same values different weight. However none of this is insurmountable: we can agree to do things without agreeing on why (p67), but more important is Appiahs point, pace Samuel Huntingdon, that most conflict is not articulated through warring values in the first place. In fact, intense conflict may arise through dispute over the meaning of the same values (p67), e.g. on abortion, American pro-lifers and pro-abortionists both respect the sanctity of life, but differ on why it is precious and on when life begin s. To better understand this point, Appiah gives us other example that, the US and Iraq being at war is not because the people of the two countries have different values. But this is not a point the politicians in Washington would readily accept, certainly, not the ideologues.  Here, Appiah analyses that the Golden Rule-what you do not wish done to yourself, do not do to others- requires that we should take other peoples interests seriously, take them into account. Appiah suggests that encouraging cosmopolitan engagement, presupposes the acceptance of disagreement.   Perhaps, this is why cosmopolitans endorse as a key aim, that we learn about other peoples situations and then use our imagination to walk in their Moccasins (p.68). He also exposes the failings of the Golden Rule as a principle to live by. Its just that we cant claim that the way is easy. 1.6 The Primacy of Practice Appiah argues that even though moral disagreements can happen and are real, crosscultural conversations about values do not have to end in disagreement, because it is often possible to agree about what to do even when we do not agree on the reasons behind it. For example, we can live in peace and harmony without agreeing on the underlying values. (pp.69-81) Appiah discourages us from insisting on reaching agreements on values by means of reasoned arguments and persuasion. These very often fail to move people. Moreover, if we make this insistence, then we will lose what is worthwhile about conversations across boundaries. As Appiah avers, conversation is hardly guaranteed to lead to agreement about what to think and feel. Yet we go wrong if we think the point of conversation is to persuade, and imagine it proceeding as a debate, in which points are scored for the Proposition and the Opposition. Often enough, as Faust said, in the beginning is the deed: practices and not principles are what enable us to live together in peace (pp.84-85).When Appiah proposes conversations between people, what he has in mind by conversation is really an engagement with the experience and the ideas of others (p85). In this sense, conversations do not have to lead to consensus about anything, especially not values; its enough that it helps people get used to one another (p85). 1.7 Imaginary Strangers Appiah argues that the points of entry to crosscultural conversations are things that are shared by those who are in the conversation. They do not need to be universal; all they need to be is what these particular people have in common (p97). And human beings everywhere have so much in common. These include everyday activities, such as buying things, eating, reading the paper, laughing, going to movies, parties and funerals. They also include universal values such as kindness and generosity. He argues that these can be entry points to cross cultural conversations, because once we have found enough (things which) we share, there is the further possibility that we will be able to enjoy discovering things we do not yet share'(p97), and we can open up more to other ways of thinking, feeling and acting. That is one of the payoffs of cosmopolitan curiosity. Appiah also notes that the problem of cross-cultural communication can seem immensely difficult in theory, when we are trying to imagine making sense of a stranger in the abstract. But the great lesson of anthropology is that when the stranger is no longer imaginary, but real and present, sharing a human social life, you may like or dislike him, you may agree or disagree; but, if it is what you both want, you can make sense of each other in the end (pp.98-99). 1.8 Cosmopolitan Contamination In the seventh chapter called Cosmopolitan Contamination, Appiah argues against those who criticize globalization for producing homogeneity and getting rid of cultural differences. He claims that globalization is also a threat to homogeneity because it creates new forms of difference (p101-105). He thinks that instead of the talk of preserving diversity and trapping people in conditions they want to escape from, we have got to let people choose for themselves. He mentions that cosmopolitans think human variety matters because people are entitled to the options they need to shape their lives in partnership with others (p104). Appiah also writes of the trouble with cultural imperialism, he believes that people in each place make their own uses even of the most famous global commodities (p113). Such as the fact that Levis are worn on every continent. In some places they are informal wear; in others they are dressy'(p113).They are not blank tablets on which global capitalism can write wh atever it wants, they are not fools but they can resist. That is why something does not ever change, like the identity of a society can survive when cultures are made of continuities and changes. 1.9 Whose Culture Is It, Anyway? Appiah begins by pointing out that some of the museums of the world, particularly in the West, have large collections of objects and artefacts which were looted from poor and developing countries. He then asks: who owns these cultural artefacts and properties? Our first answer may be that since they make up the cultural heritage of a people, they belong to the people and culture from whom they were taken. Appiah disputes this and argues that the right way is to take not a national but a cosmopolitan perspective: to ask what system of international rules about objects of this sort will respect the many legitimate human interests at stake (pp.126-127). If some cultural artefacts are of potential value to all human beings, they should belong to all of humanity. He thinks that when they make a contribution to world culture, they should be protected by being made available to those who would benefit from experiencing them and put into the trusteeship of humanity (pp.130-134). Appiah argue s that rather than focusing on returning stolen art and putting a lot of money and effort into it, it may serve the interest of those whose artefacts were stolen better to be exposed to a decent collection of art from around the world, like people everywhere else. 1.10 The Counter-Cosmopolitanism Appiahs writing on Believers without Borders as in Doctors without Borders is instructive in explaining universalism as well as its driving motives and consequences: They believe in human dignity across nationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ share ideals with people in many countries, speaking many languagesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ they would never go to war for (a) country, but they will enlist (in a) campaign against any nation that gets in the way of universal justice.   They are young, global Muslim fundamentalist; they are the recruiting ground of Al Qaeda (pp. 137-138). Appiah goes on to suggest that such fundamentalism exemplifies the universal ethics, which inverts the picture of Cosmopolitanism and in the absence of toleration, turns easily to murder (p141).  For example, Islamic and Christian fundamentalists who seek a community of those who share their faith and reject all national and local allegiances have no tolerance for religious difference. We should be wary of and reject universal community, because they can lead to bloodbaths, which is one lesson we can learn from the sad history of Christian religious warfare in Europe (p141). Then Appiah turns to argue that their universalism is contrary to cosmopolitanism which embraces pluralism and promotes the view that our knowledge is imperfect and provisional and that we might learn something from those we disagree with. As he writes: to say what, in principle, distinguishes the cosmopolitan from the counter-cosmopolitan, we plainly need to go beyond talk of truth and tolerance. One distinctively cosmopolitan commitment is to pluralism. Cosmopolitans think that there are many values worth living by and that you cannot live by all of them. So we hope and expect that different people and different societies will embody different values. (But they have to be values worth living by.) Another aspect of cosmopolitanism is what philosophers call fallibilism the sense that our knowledge is imperfect, provisional, subject to revision in the face of new evidence (p 144). If cosmopolitanism is, in a slogan, universality plus difference, there are the other enemies of cosmopolitanism. They reject universality altogether, and claim that not everyone matters. One such inescapable obligation is this: when you do something that harms someone else, you must be able to justify it. Those we think of are willing to claim that not everyone matters. They tell us why. Such and such people are destroying our nation; they are inferior; It is not actually that they dont matter; its that they have earned our hatred or contempt. They deserve what we are doing to them (pp.150-152). Appiah avers that the real challenge to cosmopolitanism isnt the belief that other people dont matter at all; its the belief that they dont matter very much. Its easy to get agreement that we have some obligations to strangers. We cant do terrible thing to them. (p153) 1.11 Kindness to Strangers Appiah looks at the question of what do we owe strangers? His answer is mainly negative. Appiah begins by referring the viewpoints of Peter Singer and Peter Unger. The Singer principle (from the works of Peter Singer) states: If you can prevent something bad from happening at the cost of something less bad, you ought to do it (p 160). Unger takes it a step further by stating that it would be immoral not to donate all of ones wealth to organizations, such as UNICEF and Oxfam, which benefit less fortunate people. Based on these beliefs, Singer and Unger would likely agree that it would be wrong to spend money on the opera if that money could otherwise be used to save the life of a child (p159-162). Appiah, however, doesnt agree with that decision. He believes that Singer and Unger are missing a key piece of morality and human nature: It is illogical-and just plain wrong- to assume that a person values all lives equally. In reality, a person is likely to value the people around them, su ch as family and friends, and even themselves, over those whom they have never met. Thats not to say that such a person does not care about other, unknown people; it is only to reaffirm the fact that humans prefer familiarity. Cosmopolitanism cannot and does not demand from us to have more sympathy and concern for strangers than those close to us. In addition, Singer and Ungers principles are vague and without exceptions. They dont seem to consider all possible situations and they fail to account for human nature. As Appiah mentions, if everyone spent all of their money to save starving children and none on activities they enjoy, the world would be a flat and dreary place. (p 166) No one would want to live at all if they werent able to do things other than saving other peoples lives. People need entertainment and joy in their lives in order to be happy and successful. These thinkers are mistaken to burden us with incredible obligations which would dramatically reduce the quality of our lives (pp.156-166). It is much more helpful, as Appiah believes, to contribute, in whatever way possible, to a cause that will focus on improving the general living conditions of a location, which, in turn, will eliminate the hunger of the children living there. Providing clean water or a better education system to Third World children will do more for their future than simply feeding them for a day, which, as Appiah points out, may actually be detrimental to the farmers and the economy of the area. And it wouldnt necessarily require all of ones wealth to be donated to the cause in order to make it happen. As Appiah points out, Singer and Unger seem to imply that all values can be measured in a single thin currency of goodness and badness and those decisions should be made based on a comparison of the amounts of this currency for each possible outcome (p 166). That theory is a misguided and an inaccurate one, as it fails to account for outside forces. All decisions must be made by considering the many variables involved; this morality price, as one might call it, is only one such variable. According to Appiah, whatever our obligations are to strangers, they must not be too burdensome because these are not the only obligations that matter. As such, Appiah is correct in his conclusions that neither the Singer principle nor Ungers beliefs should be the sole guiding force in ones decision-making process. While it may be appropriate to assign the morality price a heavy weight when it comes to making a decision, it is impossible to force the human mind to think only of such a value. As Appia h argues, human values and decision making processes should be based on more than just one specific rule-designed by one specific human. The world is too complex for one sentence to handle. Appiah also makes an argument based on the saying that the end justifies the means. Slavery, in and of itself, is wrong; the existence of the pyramids or of the United States, however, is not. Plus, it is unreasonable to assume that giving away all of ones wealth will cause any permanent change. It is more likely that doing so would simply prolong the possibly-dreadful life of a starving child for a set period of time. After that, the living conditions of the child would simply return to their previous state. 2 Evaluations 2.1 The Notion of Cosmopolitanism Appiahs chosen word to describe this task in this book is cosmopolitanism. This term can be traced back to the founding father of the Cynic movement in Ancient Greece,  Diogenes of Sinope  (c. 412 B.C.). Of Diogenes it is said: Asked where he came from, he answered: I am a citizen of the world (kosmopolità ªs)  [1]  . The word of Cosmopolitan derives from Greek  cosmos  (the  Universe) and  polis (city). Appiah picks this term to suggest the possibility of a cosmopolitan community in which individuals from varying locations (physical, economic, etc.) enter relationships of mutual respect despite their differing beliefs (moral, religious, political, etc.). According to the meaning which is intended , he finds cosmopolitan superior to globalization, which is an overused word that can mean everything from a marketing strategy to an economic thesis, or multiculturalism, which he says is another shape shifter, which so often designates the disease it purports to cure. App iah admits that cosmopolitanism can have elitist connotations. But its actually a term rooted more in the idea of cosmos the universe: talk of cosmopolitanism originally signaled a rejection of the conventional view that every civilized person belonged to a community among communities. In order to better understand the notion of Cosmopolitanism in the book, it is necessary to make a brief survey of the differences in meaning among some conceptions, which are: relativism, universalism, nationalism, patriotism and liberalism. Relativism refers to any of several descriptive, meta-ethical, or normative positions  regarding the differences in moral or ethical judgments between different people and cultures. Universalism is the meta-ethical position that some system of ethics, or a universal ethic, applies universally, that is, for all similarly situated individuals, regardless of culture, race, sex, religion, nationality, sexuality, or other distinguishing feature. Nationalism  involves a strong identification of ones social identity with that of a  nation  or state.  Patriotism  is love and devotion to ones country.  Liberalism is the belief in the importance of  liberty  and  equality. And, Cosmopolitanism is in a slogan, universality plus differen ce (p151). 2.2 Relativism and Cosmopolitanism Relativists claim that not everything is local custom, and they argue that education must be morally neutral, and that all values are situational and negotiable. Appiah thinks it is mercifully fading out. Appiah rejects cultural relativism, he pushes it further toward obsolescence and denies a key tenet of relativism, which he describes as the basic suspicion that moral claims just reflect local preferences rather than universal truths. Before relativisms destruction, its proponents relied on the comfortable certainty that tolerance trumped all other values. For relativists, dealing with multiple cultures was easy: Just tolerate everything. But in the absence of that idea, how do we relate to what Appiah calls a world of strangers? Since there are some values that are, and should be, universal, do we deliberately rinse away all expressions of cultural diversity that dont uphold those universals? If values are universal, how can we maintain them while still respecting cultural distinctness? How can we avoid the pitfall those relativists feared, that of imposing our values on others? Appiah makes it work. He avers that Cosmopolitanism helps us find ways to consider such conceptual complexities. As mentioned before, Appiahs cosmopolitanism intertwines two ideas, obligations to others and value of particular human lives. For the cosmopolitan, then, no local loyalty can ever justify forgetting that each human being has r esponsibilities to every other. Those responsibilities are best played out in conversations across differences where the language of values helps us coordinate our lives with one another. 2.3 Globalization Appiah talks about globalization in chapter 7. He is dismissive of those who are critical of globalization and focuses only on one aspect of their criticisms, namely their worry that globalization wipes out local cultures. So he does not address the worry that the global financial institutions and multinational corporations want to expand the world markets for their own interests and that they undercut and weaken local governments, laws, and decision-making. Western industrial nations promote free trade, but this in fact benefits them and makes them richer and more powerful. The agriculture and export subsidies in the West are one of the main causes of agricultural decline in many developing countries. So globalization per petuates and worsens the unequal balance of power between rich industrial and poor developing countries, rather than addressing it in any way. Appiah casts the critics of globalization as people who are afraid of change, but some of the critics are legitimately con cerned with global justice and local sovereignty. 2.4 Cosmopolitan Justice Cosmopolitan justice is discussed in Chapter10, but it is a little weak. One of the main components of Appiahs cosmopolitanism is ethical commitment to strangers. But his view of what this amounts to is very thin. Instead of speculating about what commitments we incur if we want to make the world a substantially better place, Appiah comes up with a list of constraints. He is very critical of the idea of world government as a vehicle for upholding and guaranteeing peoples basic rights. For Appiah the primary mechanism for ensuring basic rights is the nation-state. Appiah then warns us about those who want to burden us with too much and urge us to overlook our obligations to those close to us and to our own self and projects. It is difficult to see how the concerns which underpin cosmopolitan ethics or justice can be addressed solely in the context of national politics. Those who are passionate about cosmopolitan justice are concerned about extreme poverty, tyranny, oppression, and environmental degradation. Seriously addressing these seems to also require working with international organizations which go beyond national borders and forming connections and associations with others elsewhere who have similar goals. Moreover, despite Appiahs legitimate worries about establishing a world government, it is clear that world governing bodies and institutions, such as United Nations and World Bank, already exist, deal with cosmopolitan justice issues, and have much power. At the least, making the world more just would demand that these institutions become more democratic and fair and do a better job of protecting peoples rights. 2.5 Global Conversation Cosmopolitanism works because values like courtesy, hospitality, generosity and reciprocity are widely shared, alongside other basic concepts and social customs, to enable differences to be explored. Appiah thinks that we share enough to work through human differences. Commonality allows for a global conversation. In the end, attaining a state of peaceful, diverse co-existence is more important to cosmopolitanism than resolving all conflict over human values either philosophically or politically. Appiah calls for a global conversation to make our world suitable for coexistence and living well. But he does not refer to appropriate ways. When we look for some enlightenment in the context of Chinese Confucianism, we can find that Confucian toleration has some characteristics of engagement in such conversations; the characteristics are: openness to t

adolescent psychology Essays -- essays research papers

The actual definition of an adolescent psychiatrist â€Å"is a Doctor of Medicine or Doctor of Osteopathy who specializes in the diagnosis and, if indicated, the treatment of disorders of thinking, feeling, and/or behavior affecting children, adolescents, and their families.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For someone to become an adolescent psychiatrist it takes on average nine to ten years of special training and schooling. It requires graduating from high school, then going to college and getting a bachelors degree in either art or science, then four years of medical school, with a year of interning, followed by three years of training at a resident level in medicine and neurology, and then two years of college dealing with training and internships dealing with children, adolescents, and their families. Even though it is not required one can take the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN) examination which will give one more certification and put then higher up on the professional ranking also with being certified with the ABPN examination one is expected to be able to diagnose and treat all problems within the patient.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The degrees one must have to become an adolescent psychiatrist are the following either: and Bachelors in art or science and a Medical degree. An adolescent psychiatrist also has the degree to council and diagnose adults and children as well, not just adolescents. An adolescent psychiatrist can also do family, group, and couple psychotherapy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In America the job opportunities for an adolescent psychiatrist are excellent. In 1980 the government requested the statistics for the need of adolescents psychiatrist in America by the Graduate Medical Education National Advisory Committee and they â€Å"projected a need in 1990 for 9,000 child and adolescent psychiatrists, with a supply of only 4,100 (a ratio of 45.6%). The 1. report was even more urgent: it projected a need in the year 2010 for 32,075 child and adolescent psychiatrists, but a supply of only 3,942 (a ratio of only 12.3%).† There are many opportunities in high schools, they are needed to try and to help the students go through all the drama and stress that they may go through during their high school term. Another place is at colleges for many different reasons one reason is ... ...ids are able to get help and some guidance with whatever their problem may be.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An adolescent yearly income varies on many things such as where you work such as in a clinic where one can charge very little or nothing at all, but in a private practice one can charge up to three-hundred dollars an hour.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The average treatment time is twelve session, and one hour a session, but in some cases (that is getting more common every year) if the disorder or disorders has been going on for a long 3. period of time or the if it is confusing and complicated or if the disorder or disorders continue the sessions may be extended for a period of time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As an adolescent psychiatrist one will learn the following: how to have a positive self esteem. Learn how to talk one on one with all ages. How to observe and examine changing roles in both males and females, and also how to â€Å"identify stressful and crisis situations for adolescents and how to manage them.† These are just some of the ways to put the abilities that an adolescent psychiatrist to a helpful use.